Abstract:
This study investigates the applicability, performance, and sustainability of Real-Time Locating
Systems (RTLS) in production logistics, with a focus on the automotive industry. RTLS, as part of broader
supply chain visibility and digitalization efforts, supports decision-making, risk management, agility, and
inventory control. However, adoption challenges include budget constraints, electromagnetic interference,
lack of standardization, and reluctance to share data. The paper specifically examines two RTLS
technologies—Cargo Beacon (CB) and GEPS sensors—within a Scania production environment. An
experimental research design, complemented by a systematic literature review, was employed. Quantitative
data were collected through controlled and uncontrolled experiments to assess accuracy, precision, and lag
time, while qualitative insights addressed sustainability and integration challenges. Performance analysis
revealed that CB sensors, though precise (symmetrical distributions, low skewness), suffered from frequent
sleep-mode interruptions, resulting in higher lag (average 43s) and significant RMSE in path tracking
(4.02–4.61). In contrast, GEPS sensors demonstrated higher accuracy and reliability, with low RMSE
(0.11–0.13) and better consistency despite being less precise. Both sensors lacked z-axis tracking and
historical path data, limiting their utility in 3D inventory management. The study also identified critical
gaps in system interconnectivity, especially regarding real-time responsiveness and integration with
complementary technologies such as barcodes, blockchain, and visual recognition systems. Conclusions
point to the need for tailored applications of RTLS based on technological constraints and context-specific
logistics goals. For optimal impact, firms must define what assets to track, balance power consumption,
cost, and data granularity, and complement RTLS with interoperable systems for holistic visibility. Despite
limitations, RTLS remains a promising enabler of sustainable logistics when implemented with clarity,
purpose, and technological alignment within Industry 4.0 frameworks.
